Additional Measures
With the ever increasing rise in pollution levels in today's world there is an urgent need for water treatment techniques through which the contaminated water can be purified and treated of its pollutants & waste and used or safely returned to the environment. Even after water is processed in advanced water treatment plants, drinking water may contain pollutants and unwanted particles like runoff from agriculture, pesticides used in farming, as well as harmful microbial organisms bacteria and cysts. In such cases, a few additional measures like the ones mentioned below can be undertaken:
Water Fluoridation
Water fluoridation refers to a process of treating water by adding Fluorine. Practiced in many countries, this method is executed mainly with the goal of preventing tooth decay. After the disinfection process, hexafluorosilicic acid is added to water, which decomposes to give fluoride ions.
Water Conditioning
This is a step taken to reduce the hardness of water. The hardness salts deposited are heated so that the bicarbonate ions decompose to give carbonate ions that further crystallize out of the saturated solution of calcium or magnesium carbonate. Normally, carbon ash (sodium bicarbonate) is used to treat water with high concentration of hardness salts. Carbon ash precipitates the excess salts by common-ion effect and produces calcium carbonate of very high quality which is used to make tooth paste. There also exist some methods that employ magnetic or/and electrical fields to reduce the effects of hard water.
Plumbosolvency Reduction
Water that sources from surface rainfall in upland mountains of igneous rocks are acidic and have low conductivity. These waters tend to dissolve lead from the pipes they are carried in. This is called plumbosolvency. This can be treated by adding a small quantity of phosphate ion and increasing the pH which forms insoluble lead salts on the inner surfaces of the pipes.
Radium Removal
Radium present in ground water can be effectively removed by ion exchange, or by water conditioning.
Fluoride Removal
Some places in the world contains excessive levels of natural fluoride in the source water which can have cosmetic effects like teeth staining or can even be toxic. Methods of reducing fluoride levels in such cases is through treatment with activated alumina and bone char filter media.
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is continually depleting with its increasing demand. Key reasons that account for the growing demand of water.